<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoshizawa, Kazunori</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Kevin P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology of male genitalia in lice and their relatives and phylogenetic implications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution; morphology; DNA; genitalia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.phthiraptera.org/Publications/46250.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">350-361</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) have long been considered to compose a monophyletic group of insects on the basis of external morphological characteristics. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences suggested that `Phthiraptera' have arisen twice within the order Psocoptera (booklice and barklice). The external features of lice are highly specialized to a parasitic lifestyle, and convergence may be frequent for such characters. To provide a further test between traditional and recent molecular-based phylogenetic hypotheses, a phylogenetic analysis of lice and relatives based on morphological characters that are independent from the selective pressures of a parasitic lifestyle is needed. Here, we examined the morphology of the male phallic organ in lice and relatives (`Psocoptera': suborders Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha) and detected some novel modifications that were stable within each group and useful for higher level phylogenetic reconstruction. Phylogenetic analysis based on these characters provided a concordant result with the 18S-based phylogeny. In particular, the apomorphic presence of articulations between the basal plate, mesomere and ventral plate (=?sclerite on the permanently everted endophallus) is observed consistently throughout the psocid families Pachytroctidae and Liposcelididae and the louse suborder Amblycera, providing support for a clade composed of these three groups, although possible homoplasy was detected in some Ischnocera. This is the first study to provide morphological support for the polyphyly of lice.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46250</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal</style></notes></record></records></xml>